鸿蒙开发环境搭建

鸿蒙（HarmonyOS）是华为推出的分布式操作系统，支持多种设备类型。开发鸿蒙应用需要配置特定的开发环境和工具。

下载并安装DevEco Studio，这是官方推荐的集成开发环境（IDE）。DevEco Studio基于IntelliJ IDEA社区版开发，支持鸿蒙应用的创建、编码、调试和打包。安装过程中需确保系统满足最低要求：Windows 10 64位或macOS 10.14及以上，内存至少8GB。

配置Node.js和Ohpm包管理器。鸿蒙应用开发依赖Node.js环境，建议安装LTS版本。Ohpm是鸿蒙的包管理工具，用于管理依赖库。安装完成后，通过命令行验证版本：

node -v
ohpm -v

安装鸿蒙SDK。在DevEco Studio中打开SDK Manager，选择所需的API版本和工具链。SDK包含模拟器、调试工具和文档资源。建议勾选“JS SDK”和“Native SDK”以支持多种开发方式。

创建第一个鸿蒙项目

打开DevEco Studio，选择“Create Project”。在模板中选择“Empty Ability”或“JS UI框架”，填写项目名称（如HelloWorld）、包名和存储路径。项目类型可选择Phone或Tablet等设备类型。

等待Gradle完成初始化后，项目结构将自动生成。关键目录包括：

• entry/src/main/js/default: JS UI项目的核心代码目录
• entry/src/main/resources: 资源文件（如图片、布局）
• entry/build.gradle: 模块级构建配置

修改config.json文件配置应用基本信息：

{
  "app": {
    "bundleName": "com.example.helloworld",
    "version": {
      "code": 1,
      "name": "1.0.0"
    }
  }
}

实现Hello World界面

在JS UI框架中，页面由.hml、.css和.js文件组成。创建pages/index/index.hml文件：

<!-- index.hml -->
<div class="container">
  <text class="title">Hello HarmonyOS</text>
  <button class="button" onclick="clickAction">Click Me</button>
</div>

添加样式文件index.css：

/* index.css */
.container {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  height: 100%;
}

.title {
  font-size: 38px;
  color: #000000;
}

.button {
  width: 200px;
  height: 50px;
  background-color: #007dff;
  color: #ffffff;
  margin-top: 20px;
}

实现交互逻辑index.js：

// index.js
export default {
  clickAction() {
    console.log('Button clicked!');
    prompt.showToast({
      message: 'Hello from HarmonyOS'
    });
  }
}

运行和调试应用

连接真机或启动模拟器。在DevEco Studio中点击“Run”按钮，选择目标设备。首次运行需签署证书，可自动生成临时证书用于调试。

使用Log窗口查看运行时日志，快捷键Alt+6可快速打开。对于JS错误，Chrome开发者工具能提供详细调试支持，通过chrome://inspect访问。

修改代码后点击“Rerun”快速刷新应用。热重载功能可实时更新界面变化，无需重新安装应用。在File > Settings > Build, Execution, Deployment > HarmonyOS中启用热更新选项。

常见问题解决

Gradle同步失败通常由网络问题引起，可配置国内镜像源。修改build.gradle文件：

repositories {
  maven { url 'https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/repository/maven/' }
  jcenter()
}

JS UI组件不显示时检查资源引用路径，鸿蒙要求静态资源必须放在resources/base/media目录下。图片引用示例：

<image src="/common/logo.png"></image>

事件绑定失效需确认方法是否在export default中导出。箭头函数会导致this指向问题，建议使用普通函数定义：

// 正确写法
export default {
  handleClick: function() {
    this.data = 'new value';
  }
}

进阶功能扩展

添加页面路由功能需要在config.json中注册路由：

"pages": {
  "pages/index/index": "首页"
}

跳转页面使用router模块：

import router from '@system.router';
router.push({
  uri: 'pages/detail/detail'
});

使用系统能力需声明权限。例如调用振动功能，先在config.json中添加：

"reqPermissions": [
  {
    "name": "ohos.permission.VIBRATE"
  }
]

调用API示例：

import vibrator from '@system.vibrator';
vibrator.vibrate({ duration: 1000 });

以上内容提供了鸿蒙开发从环境搭建到基础功能实现的完整路径，代码示例覆盖了界面构建、交互逻辑和系统能力调用。实际开发时可结合官方文档扩展更复杂的功能模块。

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